Eastern approaches

Ex-communist Europe

Hungarian home-births

The bullies of Budapest

Feb 14th 2012, 9:19 by A.L.B. | BUDAPEST

THE treatment of Ágnes Geréb, a Hungarian midwife who has championed home birth, has outraged campaigners for natural childbirth in Hungary and abroad. After more than a year under house arrest Dr Geréb, who has supervised 3,500 home births, is thin, frail and preparing for prison, having just lost her appeal against a two-year sentence for negligence.

Unusually for Hungary, the appeal court increased the severity of her original sentence. She has also been banned from working as a midwife for ten years, doubling a previous court ruling. She must serve at least two-thirds of her sentence before becoming eligible for parole–the original sentence said half.

Dr Geréb has been sentenced for two incidents–one in which a baby died during birth, and one in which a baby died a year after the birth. At one stage she appeared in court in shackles. No Hungarian obstretrician has ever been subjected to such severe sanctions for malpractice. 

Ironically, the case comes just as Hungary has passed new legislation regulating home birth, thanks in part to Dr Geréb’s years of campaigning. But the draconian new requirements and her harsh sentence make it unlikely that many women will choose this option, even though Hungarian hospital obstetrics leaves a lot to be desired.

Hungary has many dedicated and hard-working doctors, but much of the medical establishment remains patriarchal, hierarchical and old-fashioned. Pregnant women are an inconvenience, except when they are handing over their envelopes. Caesarian and induced labours are especially common on Fridays, say cynics, so that obstetricians need not be bothered on the weekends. Drugs and episiotomies (cutting the perineum) are standard operating procedures.

Dr Geréb’s real crime, say her supporters, was to take on the immensely powerful and conservative obstetricians’ lobby. As in other branches of Hungarian medicine the payment of informal fees, known as hálapénzis endemic in obstetrics. Defenders say this is a traditional way for patients to express gratitude to doctors, augmenting their meagre €300 ($400) monthly salaries, and preventing the emigration that is draining talent from Hungarian healthcare. Critics call it organised extortion.

The going rate is around 100,000 forints ($450), handed over in an envelope. For obstetricians overseeing one or more births a day, this creates the chance to trouser enormous sums. In a cash-strapped society where the government is eager to improve fiscal discipline and re-establish respect for the rule of the law, cracking down on cartels and rent-seekers ought to be a priority. But although the full force of the law has been unleashed against Dr Geréb, the obstetricians so far seem immune from legal sanction.

Dr Geréb’s supporters say they will take her case to the European Court of Human Rights, arguing that she is being persecuted. Andrea Peller, her lawyer, says she will appeal to Pál Schmitt, the Hungarian president, for clemency. 

Readers' comments

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Zorzyk

Perhaps the moderator could kindly remove the first of my two, almost identical, posts. I didn't realize the first "registered". Thank you.

The plummer

dr Gereb should be rather happy I believe with her sentence. It must be told that the two cases for which she was now convicted are only a tiny part on a rather long list of other occasions she by chance broke the backbones of newborns by turning them by the shoulders (in an effort to help them to the world) to other serious injuries and death cases.
Her defenders are nevertheless right on one point. Doctors in Hungary are omnipresent, they prescribe medical treatment not because they are needed but rather to justify their "raison d'etre"; this is a general symptom, and obstetricians are no different. Patients do not need to pay, so doctors strive to please them and not to treat them.
Giving birth in a hospital as far from natural as it can be. "Caesarian and induced labours are especially common on Fridays, say cynics, so that obstetricians need not be bothered on the weekends" Unfortunately, there is no cynicysm in this statement, I find it very factual.
For me, dr Gereb was most probably very unprofessional as a doctor and deserves her sentence, but correct as a person by trying to introduce changes into a rotten medical profession.

Tellmemore in reply to The plummer

Not just the medical profession, the judicial one as well. How chilling that the Judge in this particular case presided over a previous trial, commenting that she wished she could have given Dr. Geréb a more severe punishment.

Where's the humanity? This doctor, grandmother, human being should be "rather happy" with the sentence of being sent to jail?

Please cite the other cases, if you wish to make this matter clear. And also, why those parents are not suing her and why they recommended Dr. Geréb to friends, family and continue to support her. Otherwise it's mudslinging.

The plummer in reply to Tellmemore

What I mean is that she could have received a worse sentence.

Are you implying that being a grandmother releases you from your previous sins? That's an interesting point... Would you say the same if it was YOUR child dying because of her? What about a former Nazi commandant? Did you hear of the Kepiro-case? The guy must have been quite a nasty one 60 years ago, though he literally died because of his trial at the age of about 95.

More to your question, she was already convicted before (she had to stop exercising her profession). She was now convicted for 4 cases during 2003-2007. And police says other investigations have been closed recently, so she is likely to be sued for other cases too. Sounds like enough, no?

Tellmemore in reply to The plummer

Please excuse me, Plummer, I hope you don't interpret my response as an attack against you. That expression with "happy" is rather shocking in English, and I was responding to that.

Dr. Geréb has been in a maximum security prison before: shackles so tight they caused a bleeding wound, strip searches, body cavity searches, very restricted communication with her family.... That's humiliation or perhaps even intimidation, and was denounced by an ombudsman.

Every death is sad. There are four or five cases, not well reported on by English media, so forgive me if I am missing some pieces. I am not a medical expert and am not claiming to interpret the case on that basis (interesting to note that the Judge refused to hear the medical professionals' testimony, though). I am worried about human rights, however, because that affects all of us - not just Hungarian women who'd like to give birth.

Dr Geréb's case calls into question government regulation of professions (and lack thereof), women's right to choose birth methods, European rights not being applied in Hungary (Article 8: the right to respect for private and family life), and the illegal bribes given to doctors who are not paid enough by the State. Not about nazis and war crimes.

The plummer in reply to Tellmemore

I agree with you in a sense that dr Gereb was right as a person, there are a series of serious system-level problems in Hungary with obstetricians and the medical profession at large.

In any case, her case trigerred the HU government to authorise home-births, which were outlawed before (this regulation is in force since sthing like this January).

I wouldn't call "halapenz", literally "money of respect/gratitude", an illegal bribe. It is rather a heritage from the socialist past, which no government addressed in the past 20 years. The more the medical profession is liberalised, the more doctor decides to stay in the country (which is an endemic problem too) and the more taxes the gov can collect - so should be in everyone's interest, except the dirty powerful lobby of established, tax-free doctors (rings a bell? Greece?).

brekuc

Agnes Gereb is a qualified gynecologist-obstetrician and midwife
During the trial she was systematically denied of the possibility to defend herself, for example the testimony of foreign experts who all spoke in favour of Agnes saying that her performance met international standards, were not taken into consideration - only the opinion of the experts appointed by the court was accepted.
please listen to ELizabeth Davis talking about Agnes here http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HJkrEszDIXY

dragos27

Home birth is dangerous. But if you are an eccentric that wants to live on the edge, if you want to be like Steve and wrestle the crocodiles, yes you could try that. Giving birth is fraught with perils, no matter what they tell you that is physiological and natural and women give birth since ages etc, etc.
In a clinic you can at least monitor fetal heart rate and go to the operating room for a cesarean section, should need be. After giving birth, bits of placental tissue and membranes could remain inside the uterus and cause bleeding. You can’t stop the bleeding unless you take out the remains. Uterine atony can also cause prolonged bleeding and so on. What can you do at home should these happen, hope for the better?
Also, without that episiotomy (cutting the perineum in a straight line), the perineum will tear anyways, in a zigzagging manner towards the anus, which is bad. Ruptured tissue heals slower than tissue cut straight.
The dead baby of Dr Gereb might have died in a hospital too, but can you tell that for sure?

ZaraCha in reply to dragos27

Dr Gereb is facing prison because she supports women in giving birth where and how they choose, not because a baby died. I am not an eccentric or a risk taker. I am responsible and well-informed, I also have the benefit of body prepared by thousands of years of evolution to birth a baby. Women have the right to choose where and how they give birth. We will not have this right taken from us. Why are the medical profession so threatened by women choosing to birth outside hospital? It is not the bad outcomes they fear, it is the good ones. Women might get the idea that they can just push a baby out without medical intervention, they might even question practices in hospitals - how annoying that would be! Hungary should be ashamed of it's persecution of Dr Gereb but Hungary can also be proud to have produced such a courageous doctor and midwife.

guest-wsmmwio in reply to dragos27

I get the feeling that this is a man talking. A man who would do anything to live a safer life, even if it means living in a sanitized bubble. I have the feeling that you are suggesting that hospitals are a safe heaven, a life saving place even when death is imminent. It is true that giving birth in a hospital may seem like a safe option, but you ignore that doctors are not perfect beings, they make mistakes too and they are not accountable for it most of the time. More over, women chose to give birth at home only when the likelihood of complications is remote, for why would they knowingly choose to risk their lives and that of their baby? Not to mention that women on the whole do not want to be treated as though we are cattle. Women in most hospitals are not even given the choice to choose a comfortable position to deliver/push because it has to be whatever is more convenient and easiest for doctors. Even with all the technology nowadays, babies die in hospital, new born babies are treated worst that animals by the some nurses (oh I have seen that first hand too), women are shaven, cut right and left because it all depends on the doctor's "opinion"...etc. Sp, I do not want to live in a safe bubble because there is no such a thing... I will take all precautions necessary and I will chose home birth where me and my baby can be treated as a human being. Thank you.

The plummer in reply to ZaraCha

Sorry for being arrogant, but you also have the right to be stupid and die or put your baby at risk. Hungarian hospitals have a very long way to go, as you say intervention and drugs should not be the standard but the exception, but I agree that a hospital is the best place for giving birth to a baby.

A woman's body used to be perfectly prepared for giving birth to a 1,5 kg baby (the average a century ago), but not with the food and vitamine-doped 4kg ones you are likely to get these days.

There is a tremendous difference between countries, I have seen a couple, and Hungarian hospital birthgiving was the worst.

Tellmemore in reply to The plummer

Actually, what this article and some comments are pointing out is that you don't have the right (because it causes loss of unofficial revenue, no less).

On the subject of risk, try this one on: In the good old days of highly industrialized birthing in Hungary, the father was not allowed to be with the mother as she gave birth. Taking a risk, a certain doctor would bring them into the operating room. Now it's accepted practice.

Yes, we should all follow the rules and listen to the professionals (I do). But if everyone were like that, we'd still be sitting in caves, shivering.

dragos27 in reply to ZaraCha

@ZaraCha

“Why are the medical profession so threatened by women choosing to birth outside hospital?”

They’re not. Giving birth is quite tiresome and hassling for the staff too. 6-8 hours of labor is no joke. Multiply that with 4 or 5 women always present in the delivery room and you end up constantly checking on someone’s situation. And the responsibility you bear is crushing. If things go wrong, the staff is liable.
So, home birth is a relief for hospital staff. No more responsibility and stress. It’s easy.

@guest-wsmmwio

“Women in most hospitals are not even given the choice to choose a comfortable position to deliver/push because it has to be whatever is more convenient and easiest for doctors.”

It’s not about who is feeling more comfortable. It’s all being done so that the fetus passes faster through the birth canal. The pressure on the fetus passing through the birth canal is high and can cause trauma to the head or collarbone fracture. The positions are chosen so that they speed up the passage.

@guest-wsmmwio

“women are shaven, cut right”

Hair is a perfect culture medium for germs. All surgical operations are being performed on skin previously shaven. Shaving is a good thing. And episiotomies fasten the passage of the fetus through the birth canal. A fetus head stuck in the birth canal is a nightmare for obstetricians.

Zorzyk in reply to dragos27

You list a wide array of theoretical truths which, taken out of context, are nonsensical. The whole tone of your post presupposes that giving birth in a hospital is somehow the “better” and “safer” and more “reasonable” choice. That is the case only when specific medial circumstances warrant it. It is a fallacy otherwise, i.e., in the majority of cases.

There is nothing inherently dangerous about giving birth at home. Wishing to do so does not make one an “eccentric living on the edge”. The fact is the medical profession (and it is almost nowhere as conservative as in the US), can’t seem to accept that birth is a natural process with all that this implies and continues to treat pregnancy, labor and birth as a series of medical emergencies. In many cases, physicians treat midwives and their profession as quacks delving in witchcraft.

Women wishing to give birth at home should be supported in this desire, if only because that is their right. Of course, women who pregnancy is a difficult one, or whose individual genetic and/or physiological baggage entails a serious danger for the baby, should not give birth at home. Professional midwives who meet their client at regular intervals to monitor the pregnancy know how to “weed out” such patients and advise them accordingly. It is such preliminaries that allow one to determine how likely complications – such as the need for a caesarian section – are likely to arise.

My two children were born at home in the USA 15 and 20 years ago. We got expert assistance from highly qualified professionals. This included “monitoring the fetal heartbeat” (not something necessitating mysterious qualifications, special apparatus or presence in a hospital), and the proper evacuation and examination of the placental tissue, by the way. As to episiotomies, too many hospitals perform the procedure as a matter of course, “just to be safe”. The truth is that it is only needed in some cases, which midwives are perfectly competent to assess (and to perform).

Birth fatalities also occur in hospitals, incidentally, and their causes often turn out to be perfectly avoidable. One example of such is the scandalous state of sanitation and hygiene in many hospitals. Ultimately, statistics demonstrate that countries in which there is an active and autonomous midwife profession have better live birth records than those where births take place solely in a hospital environment.

Zorzyk in reply to dragos27

You list many theoretical truths which, taken out of context, seem nonsensical. There is nothing inherently dangerous about giving birth at home. Wishing to do so does not make one an “eccentric living on the edge”. The entire tone in your post seems to imply that giving birth at a hospital is somehow the “better”, “safer” and “more reasonable” approach. It is, but only in cases when medical circumstances specifically warrant it. It is a fallacy otherwise, i.e. in the majority of cases.

The fact is the medical profession (and it is almost nowhere as conservative as in the US), can’t seem to accept that birth is a natural process with all that this implies and continues to treat pregnancy, labor and birth as a series of medical emergencies. In many cases, physicians treat midwives and their profession as dangerous quacks delving in witchcraft.

Women wishing to give birth at home should be supported in this desire, if only because that is their right. Of course, women who pregnancy is a difficult one, or whose individual genetic and/or physiological baggage entails a serious danger for the baby, should not give birth at home. Professional midwives who meet their client at regular intervals to monitor the pregnancy know how to “weed out” such patients and advise them accordingly. It is such preliminaries that allow one to determine how likely complications – such as the need for a caesarian section – are likely to arise.

My two children were born at home in the USA 15 and 20 years ago. We got expert assistance from highly qualified professionals. This included “monitoring the fetal heartbeat” (not something necessitating mysterious qualifications, special apparatus or presence in a hospital), and the proper evacuation and examination of the placental tissue, by the way. As to episiotomies, too many hospitals perform the procedure as a matter of course, “just to be safe”. The truth is that it is only needed in some cases, which midwives are perfectly competent to assess (and to perform).

Birth fatalities also occur in hospitals, incidentally, and their causes often turn out to be perfectly avoidable. One example of such is the scandalous state of sanitation and hygiene in many hospitals. The just as scandalous insensitivity and callousness that literally hundred of thousands of women the world over report from their hospital birth experience is another. You can’t be ignorant of such facts. Ultimately, statistics demonstrate that countries in which there is an active and autonomous midwife profession have better live birth records than those where births take place solely in a hospital environment. Perhaps that matters.

AMZ49

Dr Geréb has many followers in Hungary. Those who know her speak about her with great enthusiasm.

guest-ilaesnw in reply to AMZ49

It is possible, but I am afraid that these are exactly the factors which a judge must not take into account when making his judgement, because that would be cronyism. The judges must follow the law of the given country when making his decision. Surely this lady has good friends, that is part of the reason why they write articles about her case abroad, so much supporting her.

Short Telegram - The Economist

she is both a qualified obstetrician and a midwife. the two are not mutually exclusive.
And we write plenty of critical articles about the US Justice system too

sidney nirenberg

A closer look will probably find that this " midwife" is not trained. The state has a responsibility to guaranty quality.

janos444 in reply to sidney nirenberg

On the contrary. The article is misleading, "This midwife" is a fully qualified obstetrician called a "midwife" in this case only because according to an an earlier court ruling, she is allowed to assist in home births only in the capacity of a midwife. What is really at issue here is the incredible double standard in evidence, one that really seems to indicate pressure from a very powerful lobby. The rate of infant deaths at hospital births is significantly higher than in the practice of dr. Geréb, yet medical malpractice suits in Hungary are still few and far between, and there has not been a single hospital case where a sentence nearly as severe as that meted out to dr. Geréb was handed down. Not ever. And that has nothing to do with whether you approve the practice of home birth or not.

Yogipen

What a misleading title for an article. It seems to me that The economist continues having a very silly negative campaign against Hungary.
By the way what would happen to me in the UK if I practiced as a midwife without having necessary permissions and one of my patients lost her baby under my care?
My guess is that I would not be under house-arrest, but I would be behind bars.

warbaby78 in reply to Yogipen

But in th UK u have the permission system, where you can apply for the papers. In Hungary, governments hasn't regulated this area for 20 years. That's their responsibility. Still women want to give birth undisturbed. They cannot wait for their provincial state-administration.

dragos27

It is not clear from the article whether she is a doctor or a midwife, because it cannot be both.

Grumpy Old Git in reply to dragos27

"It is not clear from the article whether she is a doctor or a midwife, because it cannot be both."

Really? Logic tells me that it would technically be quite possible to be qualified as both. Is there some kind of law in Hungary that forbids having more than one qualification?

dragos27

@ALB

“As in other branches of Hungarian medicine the payment of informal fees, known as hálapénz, is endemic in obstetrics. Critics call it organised extortion.”

And others call it simply corruption.

guest-ilaeaei

If a court makes a verdict in any counrty, - let's say in the US - which I do not agree with, then would it be fair of me to talk about "bullies of Washington"? Isn't it a bit unfair and overly general?

guest-ilaeaei

The Economist is sinking very low here. Does the writer mean that the Hungarian judges are bullies? Or who does he mean to call bullies in the title? It sounds very general, almost as if he was talking about the people of Budapest, which is clearly unfare.

I see, it is possible. But I think that it is really sneaky of the writer to talk in such general terms in the title, because it is very misleading. A superficial reader may think of the population of Budapest or the leadership of Hungary, or perhaps gives some other interpretation.

John Hunyadi in reply to guest-ilaeaei

The title is not necessarily written by the writer - often editors provide the title to an article. A reader who is so superficial as to only read the title of articles would be uninformed and could think many things about the world that are far from the truth.

Konker

There seem to be so many stories coming out of modern day Hungary that indicate it is a complete basket case. That country is worth watching and ejecting from the EU if necessary as an example to others.

optimal_R in reply to Konker

Hungary is indeed such a country. As we know from EA and other reliable sources, Hungary is drifting toward right wing authoritarianism, minorities are living in fear and neo-nazis regulary marching on the streets. Opposition media has been silenced and the new consitution now looks like that of a medieval country.

I would consider forcing the government to resign and form a caretaker government made up by eurocrats in Brussels, since democracy is finished anyway.

guest-ilaeaei in reply to Konker

Your opinion is a result of the concerted media smear campaign against Hungary. I show you a video of one of the favourite informators of Western media about Hungary: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pyvpZuJda0Y

The violant scenes in the video was recorded during a demonstration against the previous Hungarian government in 2006. Interestingly enough, the press did not wrote about bullies of Hungary at that time.

Forlana in reply to Konker

Before ejecting Hungary, please eject UK, France, Italy, Austria all of which were/aree the origin of Orbanesque stories.
Pls read the link if you don't know what I am talking about.
http://www.presseurop.eu/en/content/article/1404381-myth-equality-end
Then, let's eject all the ex definitione 'lazy' countries, which has sneaked into the Union unnoticed and against the will of the rest. As an example.
Afterwards let's eject the CEE newcomers, because they consume cohesion funds and take away jobs from the rest.
Sorry if I forgot to eject someone.

AMZ49 in reply to optimal_R

@optimal_R
I respect your opinion, though I do not agree.
But, how do you think a government can be "forced" to resign, and unelected eurocrats in Brussels take over? What silly thing is that? And don't you think that exactly this train of thought is undemocratic?

John Hunyadi in reply to guest-ilaeaei

I have a similar opinion about Hungary as Konker - an opinion that has been formed by 11 years of living in the country! The press DID write very critically about the previous Hungarian government. Little could anyone know that it would merely be the prelude to the main act of gross incompetence, in which Mr. Orbán takes a starring role.

John Hunyadi in reply to Forlana

I've read the article you linked to and I still don't know what you are talking about! Orbanesque stories in the UK? Pray tell, where is the UK's Orbán? The only reference to the UK was that the government appoints the board of directors of the BBC. Anyone who knows anything about the BBC will know that it is far from being pro-government - unlike most TV channels (public and private) in Hungary.

Forlana in reply to John Hunyadi

Please take into account the whole context of the article. I have cited one part in toto at the end of my comment. There's no Orban in UK, and there was no Gyurcsány, and there was no real communism and the resulting post-communistic conformation operating in parallel to official system and weakening the country. During getting out of the communism in Poland, my country, one of the most important and difficult concerns was to maintain balance between newly acquired democratic ways and having to be relentless in cutting the shady dependencies inherited from the old system. These dependencies are not prone to be simply voted-out. Neither can they be eradicated with simple legal prosecution as the the procecutors might be also involved. That is why established democracies should in fact be more tolerant to what they see as a deviations from the _spirit_ of democracy, which indeed do happen in countries like Hungary. But not just in them, in established democracies as well. That was the point of my comment.
Further, frankly, I find notions entitled "eject, eject, eject!" extremely irresponsible, sorry. You go along the line: Hungary transgresses the spirit of democracy==>eject Hungary=problem solved. While at this point the problem both for Hungary (for which I guess you may have some positive feelings after living there 11 years, isn't it?) and Europe actually begins. It is precisely the EU which forms an excellent additional framework which prevents braeching the laws of democracy. Hungary breached the spirit. If you really want to leave her on her own, instead of gently supporting, embrasing her in time of hardship, it means you don't give a damn about the country. And you act in the most short-sighted way since Hungary out of EU, with or without Orban, would be more prone to undemocratic ways than inside it.
Now the promised fragment from the link, written by Jacek Żakowski.
"His [Orban's] assault on the media is no more anti-libertarian than Sarkozy’s power plays in French public television, or what Berlusconi previously did to the Italian media. As for the BBC, its directors have always been directly nominated by government. The same applies to the Hungarian National Bank which will be no more dependent on government than the Bank of England or the American Federal Reserve.
The international community has calmly tolerated and continues to calmly tolerate such manouevres in France, Italy, the UK, and the United States, not because these go unnoticed, or even as a result of timidity with regard to major powers, but quite simply because it does not see them as reprehensible. Just like German bonds, longstanding large democracies benefit from a capital of trust that is not accorded to their younger smaller peers."

9v9iv2XG5F in reply to Konker

Hmm, then you should also eject Netherlands and others...I don't think Hungary is a basket case. It is just passing through a bad episode. Let's hope that in the end common sense and moderation will prevail in Hungary.

mh_hu in reply to Forlana

Other countries mostly did not go sraight against european norms and rules, and those who did (like illegal state support to car and airplane indsutry in France, or the electricity sector not liberalized), corrected this instead of talking about the EU as a foreign oppressor.

About Eastern approaches

Eastern approaches deals with the economic, political, security and cultural aspects of the eastern half of the European continent. It incorporates the long-running "Europe.view" weekly column. The blog is named after the wartime memoirs of the British soldier Sir Fitzroy Maclean.

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